General Nursing©

What You Should Know About Epilepsy?

The following summarizes some of the more common factors leading to seizure activity:

1. Genetic factors: It is now accepted that some persons may have a genetic predisposition to the development of seizures. There is also an increased incidence of epilepsy in relatives of those with a seizure disorder.
2. Head injury: Seizures may develop at or around the time of injury or years after (usually not more than two years later). They may occur with either an "open" or "closed " head injury.
3. Stroke/cerebrovascular disorders: Seizures can occur at the time of a stroke or many years later. They may occur with strokes that result in lack of blood flow to the brain or with those that involve bleeding into or around the brain.
4. Metabolic disturbances: This group of disorders changes levels of various metabolic substances in the body. These disease states sometimes result in seizures: Electrolyte disturbances (altered levels of sodium, calcium, or magnesium). Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) or hyperglycemia (elevated blood sugar). Renal failure (kidney disease) with uremia (increased urea in the blood) or changes that occur around the time of kidney dialysis. Hepatic failure (severe liver disease) and elevation of associated toxins. Hypoxia (lowered oxygen delivery to the brain)
5. Toxic causes: The presence of certain drugs can cause seizure activity. In addition, abrupt withdrawal of some substances can lead to seizure activity. These substances that may induce seizures include the tricyclic antidepressants, lithium, antipsychotic medications, aminophylline, and high doses of penicillin. Illicit drug use, particularly cocaine, heroine, amphetamines, and PCP, can cause seizures. Alcohol withdrawal can be associated with seizure activity. These seizures usually occur 12-24 hours after the last drink but can occur up until 48 hours or more after binge drinking. Withdrawal from prescription drugs and agents such as barbiturates and narcotics can result in seizure activity.

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